|
|
发表于 2008-3-20 21:22
|
显示全部楼层
来自： 中国辽宁大连
Anti-fouling systems
Introduction
A new IMO convention will prohibit the use of harmful organotins (TBT) in anti-fouling paints used on
ships and will establish a mechanism to prevent the potential future use of other harmful substances in
anti-fouling systems.
The International Convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships was adopted on 5
October 2001 at the end of a five-day Diplomatic Conference held at IMO Headquarters in London.
Under the terms of the new Convention, Parties to the Convention are required to prohibit and/or restrict
the use of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships flying their flag, as well as ships not entitled to fly their
flag but which operate under their authority and all ships that enter a port, shipyard or offshore terminal of
a Party.
Ships of above 400 gross tonnage and above engaged in international voyages (excluding fixed or floating
platforms, FSUs and FPSOs) will be required to undergo an initial survey before the ship is put into
service or before the International Anti-fouling System Certificate is issued for the first time; and a survey
when the anti-fouling systems are changed or replaced.
Ships of 24 metres or more in length but less than 400 gross tonnage engaged in international voyages
(excluding fixed or floating platforms, FSUs and FPSOs) will have to carry a Declaration on Anti-fouling
Systems signed by the owner or authorized agent. The Declaration will have to be accompanied by
appropriate documentation such as a paint receipt or contractor invoice.
Anti-fouling systems to be prohibited or controlled will be listed in an annex (Annex 1) to the
Convention, which will be updated as and when necessary.
The adoption of the new Convention marked the successful outcome of the task set by Chapter 17 of
Agenda 21 developed by the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development. Chapter 17 called
on States to take measures to reduce pollution caused by organotins compounds used in anti-fouling
systems.
The harmful environmental effects of organotin compounds were recognized by IMO in 1989. In 1990
IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) adopted a resolution which recommended
that Governments adopt measures to eliminate the use of anti-fouling paint containing TBT on nonaluminium
hulled vessels of less than 25 metres in length and eliminate the use of anti-fouling paints with
a leaching rate of more than four microgrammes of TBT per day.
In November 1999, IMO adopted an Assembly resolution that called on the MEPC to develop an
instrument, legally binding throughout the world, to address the harmful effects of anti-fouling systems
used on ships. The resolution called for a global prohibition on the application of organotin compounds
which act as biocides in anti-fouling systems on ships by 1 January 2003, and a complete prohibition by 1
January 2008.
The new convention will enter into force 12 months after 25 States representing 25% of the world's
merchant shipping tonnage have ratified it.
Annex I attached to the Convention and adopted by the Conference states that by an effective date of 1
January 2003, all ships shall not apply or re-apply organotins compounds which act as biocides in antifouling
systems.
By 1 January 2008 (effective date), ships either:
(a) shall not bear such compounds on their hulls or external parts or surfaces; or
(b) shall bear a coating that forms a barrier to such compounds leaching from the
underlying non-compliant anti-fouling systems.
This applies to all ships (excluding fixed and floating platforms, floating storage units (FSUs), and
Floating Production, Storage and Offloading units (FPSOs).
The Convention includes a clause in Article 12 which states that a ship shall be entitled to compensation
if it is unduly detained or delayed while undergoing inspection for possible violations of the Convention.
The Convention provides for the establishment of a “technical group”, to include people with relevant
expertise, to review proposals for other substances used in anti-fouling systems to be prohibited or
restricted. Article 6 on Process for Proposing Amendments to controls on Anti-fouling systems sets out
how the evaluation of an anti-fouling system should be carried out.
Resolutions adopted by the Conference
The Conference adopted four resolutions:
Resolution 2 Future work of the Organization pertaining to the Convention – The resolution invites
IMO to develop guidelines for brief sampling of anti-fouling systems; guidelines for inspection of ships;
and guidelines for surveys of ships. The guidelines are needed in order to ensure global and uniform
application of the articles of the Convention which require sampling, inspection and surveys.
Resolution 3 Approval and Test Methodologies for Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships – This resolution
invites States to approve, register or license anti-fouling systems applied in their territories. It also urges
States to continue the work, in appropriate international fora, for the harmonization of test methods and
performance standards for anti-fouling systems containing biocides.
Resolution 4 Promotion of Technical Co-operation – The resolution requests IMO Member States, in
co-operation with IMO, other interested States, competent international or regional organizations and
industry programmes, to promote and provide directly, or through IMO, support to States in particular
developing States that request technical assistance for:
(a) the assessment of the implications of ratifying, accepting, approving, or acceding to and
complying with the Convention;
(b) the development of national legislation to give effect to the Convention; and
(c) the introduction of other measures, including the training of personnel, for the effective
implementation and enforcement of the Convention.
It also requests Member States, in co-operation with IMO, other interested States, competent international
and regional organisation and industry programmes, to promote co operation for scientific and technical
research on the effects of anti-fouling systems as well as monitoring these effects.
Background
Anti-fouling paints are used to coat the bottoms of ships to prevent sealife such as algae and molluscs
attaching themselves to the hull – thereby slowing down the ship and increasing fuel consumption.
The new Convention defines “anti-fouling systems” as “a coating, paint, surface treatment, surface or
device that is used on a ship to control or prevent attachment of unwanted organisms”.
In the early days of sailing ships, lime and later arsenic were used to coat ships' hulls, until the modern
chemicals industry developed effective anti-fouling paints using metallic compounds.
These compounds slowly "leach" into the sea water, killing barnacles and other marine life that have
attached to the ship. But the studies have shown that these compounds persist in the water, killing sealife,
harming the environment and possibly entering the food chain. One of the most effective anti-fouling
paints, developed in the 1960s, contains the organotin tributylin (TBT), which has been proven to cause
deformations in oysters and sex changes in whelks.
Further Information
Purchase the Anti-Fouling Convention, 2001 Edition
Focus on IMO: Anti-fouling Systems (1999 paper) |
|
提升卡
变色卡
楼主