钻井名词。。。。。。。。。

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Salt. A class of compounds formed when the hydrogen of an acid is partially or wholly replaced by a metal or a metallic（金属的） radical（根）

. Salts are formed by the action of acids on metals, or oxides（氧化物） and hydroxides（氢氧化物）, directly with ammonia（氨，氨水） and by other methods.

See: sodium chloride.

Saltwater drilling fluid. A water-based drilling fluid whose external liquid phase contains sodium chloride or calcium chloride.

Saltwater mud. See: saltwater drilling fluid.

Samples（岩屑样品）. Cuttings obtained for geological information from the drilling fluid as it emerges from the hole. They are washed, dried, and labeled as to the depth.

Sand. (1) Particle-size classification for solids larger than 74 microns. (2) A loose（疏松的）, granular（颗粒的） material resulting from the disintegration of rocks with a high silica content.

See: API RP 13B, API sand.

Sand content. The solids particles retained on a U.S. Standard No. 200 test screen, expressed as the bulk percentage（体积百分比） by volume of the drilling fluid slurry sample. The opening in this screen is 74 microns. The retained solids may be of any mineral or chemical composition and characteristic. For example, barite, shale, mica（云母）, silica, steel, chert（燧石，黑硅石）, etc., larger than 74 microns are called API sand.

See. API sand.

Sand trap（除砂器，沉砂池）. The first compartment and the only unstirred compartment in a well-designed drilling-fluid system intended as a settling compartment.

Scalping shakers（粗筛）. The first set of shale shakers after the flowline in a cascade（级联，串连） shaker arrangement. These shakers are usually circular or elliptical（椭圆形的） motion shakers with coarse（粗糙的，未加工的） mesh screens that are used to remove the bulk of the large-diameter drilled solids or gumbo（贡博黏土，强黏土）. This initial fluid preparation allows the second set of fine-screen shale shakers in the series to operate more efficiently with less possibility of flooding.

See: fine-screen shale shakers, flooding, blinding.

Screen cloth（滤布）. A type of screening surface, woven in square, rectangular, or slotted（有槽的，有割缝的） openings.

See: wire cloth.

Screen support rubbers. Elastomers（弹性材料，人造橡胶） that cushion（垫层，缓冲层） the contact between screens and shale shaker frames.

Screen underflow（筛下产品）. The discharge stream from a screening device that contains a greater percentage of liquids than does the feed.

See: liquid discharge.

Screening. A mechanical process resulting in a division of particles on the basis of size by their acceptance or rejection by a screening surface.

Screening surface. The medium containing the openings for passage of

undersize material.

Scroll. See: flute.

Self-lubricating（自动润滑）. Units that provide their own means of lubrication.

Separation potential. Separation potential of a shale shaker screen is the size distribution of equivalent spherical（球形的） volumes calculated by determining the equivalent ellipsoidal（椭圆形的） volumes of at least 1500 openings in a screen as determined by image analysis. Also called the Cut point（分级点，分选点） distribution.

See: Cut point.

Separator. A tank in which mixed water, oil, and gas are allowed to separate by gravity or enhanced force.

Separator (open/atmospheric). A separator for drilling fluid/formation fluid that is open to atmospheric pressure（大气压）.

Separator (closed/pressurized). A separator for drilling fluid/formation fluid that is closed and pressurized.

Separator (West Texas). A type of open separator. A large tank at atmospheric or 1–3 psi gauge that is used to separate gas from drilling fluid at the flowline.

Settling velocity（沉淀速度）. The velocity a particle achieves in a given fluid when gravity forces equal friction forces of the moving particle, that is, when the particle achieves its maximum velocity.

Shale（泥页岩）. Stone of widely varying hardness, color, and compaction（致密性） that is formed of clay-sized grains (less than two microns).

See: natural clay.

Shale shaker. Any of several mechanical devices for removing cuttings and other large solids from drilling fluid. Common examples are the vibrating screen and rotating cylindrical screen.

Shale stabilizer. Drilling-fluid additive that reduces the rate of interaction of water with the clays in shale. Also known as shale shaker inhibitor.

Sharpness of cut. The slope of a straight line drawn between the solids separated at the 84% point and the 16% point on a graph of the percentage of solids separated versus particle size. The more vertical the slope, the sharper the cut. Also known as sharpness of separation.

Shear rate（剪切速率）. The change of velocity with respect to the distance perpendicular（垂直的，正交的） to the velocity changes.

See: rate of shear.

Shear stress（剪切应力）. The force per unit of an area parallel to the force that tends to slide one surface past another.

See: viscosity, Bingham model, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength.

Shear thinning（剪切稀释）. Opposite of dilatant（膨胀的）. The apparent viscosity decreases instantaneously（瞬时的） with increasing shear rate.

See: apparent viscosity, viscosity, Bingham model, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength.

Short circuiting（短路）. A hydraulic（水力的） condition existing in parts of the tank basin（盆，盆地）, reservoir, or hydrocyclone in which the time of travel of liquid/ solids is less than the normal flow-through time—for instance, if the surface tanks contain very viscous fluid, but the returns from the flowline have a very low viscosity; the flowline returns might tend to channel across the top of the surface system toward the pump suction. In this case the flowline returns would be ‘‘short circuiting’’ or bypassing（旁路，支路，绕过，迂回） the solids-separation equipment. In hydrocyclones, separable solids that pass directly from the feed inlet and out through the vortex（漩涡，涡流） finder without passing through the cone（圆锥） section of the hydrocyclone have “short circuited” the hydrocyclone processing system.

Shute. In a woven cloth, the direction of the wires running perpendicular to the loom or running across the roll of cloth. In wire cloth production, these are the short or transverse（横向的，横切的） wires.

See: weft.

Sieve. See: testing sieve.

Sieve analysis（筛析）. The mass classification of solid particles passing through or retained on a sequence of screens of increasing mesh count. Analysis may be by wet or dry methods.

See: particle size distribution.

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Silencer（消音器）. A tank or pit used to muffle（包，蒙住） the sound at the blooie line（气体钻井的排岩屑管）.

Silt（粉砂，粉砂岩）. Materials whose particle size generally falls between 2 and 74 microns. A certain portion of dispersed clays and barite（重晶石） fall into this particle size range, as well as drilled solids.

Size distribution. See: particle size distribution.

Slip（转差率）. The difference between synchronous speed（同步速度，同步转速） and operating speed（运转速度） compared with synchronous speed, expressed as a percentage. If expressed in rpm, slip is the difference between synchronous speed and operating speed.

Sloughed（剥落的） solid. A solid entering the well bore from the exposed formation but not a drilled solid.

Sloughing（井壁坍塌）. A situation in which portions of a formation fall away from the walls of a hole, as a result of incompetent unconsolidated（非固结的） formations, tectonic stresses（构造应力）, high angle of repose（静止陡角）, wetting along internal bedding planes（层面，层理面）, or swelling of formations.

See: caving, cuttings, heaving.

Slug（段塞）. A small volume of weighted fluid（加重流体） pumped into the drill string to keep the drilling fluid liquid level below the rig floor（钻台） while pulling drill pipe during a trip（起钻）. This prevents drilling fluid from spilling（溢出） on the rig floor as the pipe is pulled.

See: pill.

Slug tank. A small compartment (normally adjacent（临近的，毗邻的） to the suction compartment) used to mix special fluids to pump downhole. The most common use is to prepare a slug or a small volume of weighted mud before a trip.

See: pill tank.

Slurry（泥浆）. A mixture or suspension of solid particles in one or more liquids.

Sodium bicarbonate. NaHCO3. A material used extensively for treating cement contamination（污染） and occasionally other calcium contamination of drilling fluids. It is the half-neutralized salt of carbonic acid（碳酸）.

See: bicarb.

Sodium carboxymethylcelluose（羧甲基纤维素）. An organic polymer, available in various grades of purity（纯度）, used to control filtration, suspend（悬浮） weight material, and build low-shear-rate viscosity in drilling fluids. It can be used in conjunction（结合） with bentonite where low-solids drilling fluids (muds) are desired.

See: CMC, low-solids drilling fluids.

Sodium chloride. NaCl. Commonly known as salt. Salt may be present in the drilling fluid as a contaminant（杂质，污染物） or may be added purposely for inhibition（抑制）.

See: salt.

Sodium chromate. Na2CO4. See: chromate.

Sodium hydroxide. NaOH. Commonly referred to as “caustic（苛性碱）”

or “caustic soda（烧碱，苛性钠）” A chemical used primarily to raise pH.

Sodium polyacrylate（聚丙烯酸钠）. A synthetic（合成的，人造的）, high-molecular-weight polymer of acrylonitrile（氰乙烯，丙烯腈） used primarily for fluid loss control.

Sodium silicate（硅酸钠） drilling fluids. Special class of inhibited chemical drilling fluid using sodium silicate, saltwater, and clay.

Solid. A firm substance that holds its form; not gaseous or liquid.

Solids（固相）. All particles of matter in the drilling fluid, that is, drilled formation cuttings, barite, bentonite, etc.

Solids content（固相浓度）. The total amount of solids in a drilling fluid. This is usually determined by distillation（蒸馏） that measures the volume fraction（体积分数） of both the dissolved and the suspended, or undissolved, solids. The suspended solids content may be a combination of high-and low-specific gravity solids and native or commercial solids. Examples of dissolved solids are the soluble salts of sodium, calcium, and magnesium（镁）. Suspended solids make up the wall cake; dissolved solids remain in the filtrate. The total suspended and dissolved solids contents are commonly expressed as percentage by volume and less commonly as percentage by weight.

See: retort.
Solids discharge. That stream from a liquid/solids separator containing a higher percentage of solids than does the feed.

Solids discharge capacity. The maximum rate at which a liquid/solids separation device can discharge solids without overloading.

Solids removal equipment efficiency. A measure of the performance of surface equipment in removing drilled solids from the drilling fluid. It is a calculation based on a comparison of the dilution（稀释） required to maintain the desired drilled-solids content with that which would have been required if no drilled solids were removed. Also called solids removal equipment performance and drilled solids removal system performance.

Solids separation equipment（固体分离器）. Any and all of the devices used to remove solids from liquids in drilling, that is, shale shaker, desander（除砂器）, desilter（除泥器）, mud cleaner, and centrifuge.
Solubility（溶解度）. The degree to which a substance will dissolve in a specific solvent.

Solute（溶质）. A substance that is dissolved in another (the solvent).

Solution（溶液）. A mixture of two or more components that form a homogeneous（均质的，均匀的） single phase. An example of a solution is salt dissolved in water.

Solvent（溶剂）. Liquid used to dissolve a substance (the solute).

Souring（发酵）. A term commonly used to mean fermentation.

Specific gravity (SG). The weight of a specific volume of a liquid, solid, or slurry in reference to the weight of an equal volume of water at a reference temperature of 3.89 degree (water has a density of 1.0 g/cc at this temperature).

Specific heat capacity. The number of calories required to raise 1 g of a substance one degree Celsius（摄氏温度）.

Spray（喷雾） bar. A pipe located over the bed of a shale shaker through which dilution fluid（稀释液体） is sprayed onto the screen surface during separation of the drilled solids. In practice, spray bars may supply a mist or small amount of liquid, not a hard spray, to prevent washing fine solids through the screen panels and back into the circulating system.

Spray discharge. See: spray underflow.

Spray underflow. The characteristic underflow of certain balanced hydrocyclones discharging to the atmosphere and not overloaded with

separable solids.

Spud mud. The drilling fluid used when drilling starts at the surface, often a thick bentonite-lime slurry.

Spudding in. The initiating of the drilling operations in the first top-hole section of a new well.

Spurt loss. The flux（流量） of fluids and solids that occurs in the initial stages of any filtration before pore openings are bridged and a filter cake is formed. See: surge loss.

Square mesh. Screen cloth with the same mesh count in both directions.

Square weave. See: square mesh.

Squeeze（挤水泥）. A procedure whereby slurries of cement, drilling fluid, gunk plug（柴油泥塞）, etc., are forced into the formation by pumping into the hole while maintaining a backpressure（回压）. This is usually achieved by closing the blowout preventers（防喷气） or by using a retrievable（可回收的）downhole packer（井下封隔器）.

Squirrel-cage motor. An induction motor（感应电动机） that gets its name from the rotor（转子） assembly that looks like a squirrel cage, typical of those used earlier in the twentieth century. The cage consists of rotor bars secured at each end to the shorting rings. An induction motor is one in which there is no physical electrical connection to the rotor. Current in the rotor is induced by the magnetic field（磁场） of the stator（定子）.

Stability meter（稳定计）. An instrument to measure the breakdown voltage（击穿电压，破坏电压） of oil-based drilling fluids. This gives an indication of the emulsion stability.

Stacking a rig. Storing a drilling rig upon completion of a job when the rig is to be withdrawn from service for a period of time.

Starch（淀粉）. A group of carbohydrates（碳水化合物） occurring in plant cells. Starch is specially processed (pregelatinized，预凝的) for use in drilling fluids to reduce filtration rate and occasionally to increase the viscosity. Without proper preservative, starch can ferment（发酵）.

Static. Not moving, or at rest. Opposite of dynamic.

See: quiescence.

Stearate（硬脂酸盐）. Salt of stearic acid（硬脂酸）, which is a saturated（饱和的）, 18-carbon fatty acid（多脂酸）. Certain compounds, such as aluminum stearate, calcium stearate, and zinc stearate, have been used in drilling fluids for defoaming, lubrication（润滑）, air drilling（气体钻井） in which a small amount of water is encountered, etc.

Stiff（粘稠的） foam. A foam in which a bentonite or long-chain polymer（聚合物） has been

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added.

Stirrer. See: agitator, mechanical agitator.

Stokes’ law. Stokes’ law states that the terminal（终端的） settling velocity（沉降速度） of a spherical particle（球状微粒） is proportional（成正比的） to the square of the particle diameter, the acceleration of gravity（重力加速度）, and the density difference between the density of the particle and the density of the liquid medium; the terminal settling velocity is inversely proportional（成反比的） to the viscosity of the liquid medium:

VT=[gDp*Dp（ρS-ρL）10e(-6)]/116ρ

where

VT=terminal settling velocity, in in./sec

DP=particle diameter, in microns

ρS=density of the solids, in g/cm3

ρL=density of the liquid, in g/cm3

μ=viscosity of the feed slurry, in centipoise（厘泊）

Stormer viscometer（斯式粘度计）. A rotational shear viscometer used for measuring the viscosity and gel strength of drilling fluids. This instrument has been largely replaced by the direct-indicating viscometer.

Streaming potential（流动势能）. The electrokinetic portion（电动势能） of the spontaneous potential (SP，自然电位) electric-log curve（电测曲线） that can be significantly influenced by the characteristics of the filtrate and filter cake of the drilling fluid.

Streamline flow（层流）. See: laminar flow.

Stroke（冲程）. The distance between the extremities（终端，极限） of motion or total displacement normal to the screen; that is, the diameter of a circular motion or twice the amplitude（振幅）.

See: amplitude.

Stuck（卡钻）. A condition whereby the drill pipe, casing or any other device inserted into the well bore inadvertently（无意中，疏忽地） becomes lodged in the hole. Sticking may occur while drilling is in progress, while casing is being run in the hole, or while the drill pipe is being tripped. Frequently a fishing job results.

Stuck pipe（被卡的钻杆）. See: differential pressure sticking, stuck.

Suction（吸取） compartment. (1) The area of the check/suction section from which drilling fluid is picked up by the suction of the mud pumps. (2) Any compartment from which a pump moves fluids.

Sump（排水坑，储油槽）. (1) A disposal compartment or earthen pit for holding discarded liquids and solids. (2) The pan or compartment below the lowest shale shaker screen.

Supersaturation（过饱和）. If a solution contains a higher concentration of a solute in a solvent than would normally correspond to its solubility at a given temperature, a state of supersaturation exists. This is an unstable condition, because the excess solute separates when the solution is seeded by introducing a crystal（结晶） of the solute. The term is frequently used erroneously（错误地） for hot salt drilling fluids.

Support screen. A heavy, wire mesh either plain or calendered that supports a finer mesh screen for use in filtering or screen separation.

See: backup screen.

Surface active materials（表面活性剂）. See: surfactant.

Surface tension（表面张力）. Generally the cohesive forces（内聚力） acting on surface molecules at the interface between a liquid and its own vapor. This force appears as a tensile force（张力） per unit length along the interface surface and is usually expressed in units of dynes per centimeter. Since the surface tension is between the liquid and the air, it is common practice to refer to values measured against air as surface tension, and to use the term ‘‘interfacial tension’’ for measurements at an interface between two liquids or a liquid and a solid.

See: interfacial tension, emulsion.

Surfactant（活性剂）. Material that tends to concentrate at an interface of an emulsion or a solid/liquid interface. Used in drilling fluids to control the degree of emulsification, aggregation, dispersion, interfacial tension（表面张力）, foaming, defoaming（消泡）, wetting（润湿）, etc.

Surfactant drilling fluid（活性剂泥浆）. A drilling fluid that contains a surfactant, usually to effect control over the degree of aggregation（凝聚作用） and dispersion or emulsification.

Surge（波动）. The pressure increase in a well bore caused by lowering tubulars. Viscous drilling fluid flowing up the annulus, displaced by drill pipe, tubing, or casing, creates the pressure surge.

Surge loss. This is a colloquial（口语的，通俗的） term used to describe a spurt（喷出，涌出） of filtrate（滤液） and solids that occurs in the initial stages of any filtration before pore openings are bridged and a filter cake（滤饼） is formed. The preferred term is ‘‘spurt loss.’’

See: spurt loss.

Suspensoid（悬浮液，悬浮胶体）. A mixture that consists of finely divided colloidal particles floating in a liquid. The particles are so small that they do not settle but are kept in motion by the moving molecules of the liquid (Brownian movement，布朗运动).

Swabbing（抽吸）. When pipe is withdrawn（提起） from the hole in a viscous drilling fluid or if the bit is balled（泥包）, a decrease in pressure in the well bore can cause formation fluid to flow into the well.

Swelling. See: hydration.

Synergism（协和作用）. Term describing an effect obtained when two or more products are used simultaneously to obtain a certain result. Rather than the result of each product being additive to the other, the result is a multiple of the effects.

Synergistic properties（协和性）. See: synergism.

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Well-Drilling English--Q,R

Well-Drilling Englis...   2007-06-23 17:37   阅读61   评论0   字号： 大大  中中  小小  

Quebracho（白坚木，南美漆树）. An additive used extensively for thinning/dispersing to control low-shear-rate viscosity and thixotropy（触变）. It is a crystalline（结晶体） extract of the quebracho tree consisting mainly of tannic acid（单宁酸）.

See: thinner.

Quicklime（生石灰）. Calcium oxide, CaO. Used in certain oil-based drilling fluids to neutralize（中和） the organic acid（有机酸）.

Quiescence（静止，静止期）. The state of being quiet or at rest, being still. See: static.



Radial flow（径向流）. Flow of a fluid outwardly in a 360° pattern. This describes the flow from a mechanical agitator in which fluid moves away from the axis of the impeller shaft（柱，柄，杆） (usually horizontally toward a mud tank wall).

See: axial flow.

Radical（根，基）. Two or more atoms behaving as a single chemical unit, that is, as an atom; for instance, sulfate（硫酸根） and phosphate（磷酸根） and nitrate（硝酸根） are radicals.

Rate of penetration（钻速）. The rate at which the drill bit penetrates the formation, expressed in lineal units of feet/minute.

See: penetration rate.

Rate of shear（剪切速率）. The change in velocity between two parallel layers divided by the distance between the layers. Shear rate has the units of reciprocal（倒数） seconds (1/sec).

See: shear rate.

Raw drilling fluid. Drilling fluid, before dilution（稀释）, that is to be processed by solids-removal equipment.

Rectangular screen. See: oblong mesh.

Reduced port. A valve whose bore size is less than the area of the pipe to which it is attached.

Removal section. The first section in the drilling-fluid system, consisting of a series of compartments and solids-removal equipment to remove gas and undesirable solids.

Reserve pit（泥浆储备池）. (1) An earthen pit used to store drilling waste in land drilling operations. (2) A section of a surface system used to store drilling fluid.

Resin（树脂，胶质）. A semisolid（半固态的） or solid complex or amorphous（非晶质的） mixture of organic compounds having no definite melting point or tendency to crystallize（结晶）. Resin may be a component of compounded materials that can be added to drilling fluids to impart special properties to the system, that is, wall cake, fluid loss, etc.

Resistivity（电阻率）. Resistivity is a characteristic electrical property of a material and is equal to the electrical resistance（电阻） of a 1-meter cube of the material to passage of a 1-ampere electric current perpendicular（垂直的） to two parallel faces. The electrical resistance offered to the passage of a current is expressed in ohm-meters. It is the reciprocal（倒数） conductivity（电导）. Freshwater muds are usually characterized by high resistivity; saltwater muds by low resistivity.

See: conductivity.

Resistivity meter（电阻计）. An instrument for measuring the electrical resistivity of drilling fluids.

Retention time（滞留时间）. The time any given particle of material is retained in a region, for example, the time a particle is actually on a screening surface, within a hydroclone, or within the bowl of a centrifuge.

Retort（曲径瓶，蒸馏器，蒸馏，提纯）. An instrument used to distill（蒸馏） oil, water, and other volatile material in a drilling fluid to determine oil, water, salt, and total solids contents in volume percentage.

See: mud still, mini still, API RP 13B.

Reverse circulation（逆循环）. The method by which the normal flow of a drilling fluid is reversed by circulating down the annulus, then up and out the drill string.

See: circulation.

Reynolds number（雷诺数）. A dimensionless number（无量纲数）, Re, that occurs in the theory of fluid dynamics（流体动力学）. The Reynolds number for a fluid flowing through a cylindrical（圆柱形的） conductor is determined by the equation:

Re = DVρ/μ

where

D=diameter

V=velocity

ρ=density

μ=viscosity

The number is important in fluid-hydraulics calculations（流体水利计算） for determining the type of fluid flow, that is, whether laminar or turbulent. The transitional range occurs approximately from 2000 to 3000. Below 2000, the flow is laminar; and above 3000, the flow is turbulent.

See: fluid flow.

Rheology（流变学）. The science that deals with deformation（形变，应变） and flow of matter.

See: viscosity, Bingham model, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength.

Rig pump（钻井泵）. The reciprocating（反复的，交替的）, positive displacement, high-pressure pump on a drilling rig used to circulate the hole.

See: mud pump.

Rig shaker. Slang term for a shale shaker（泥浆振动筛）.

Rigid frame（刚性构架） panel. One of the two main screen panel types, consisting of a rigid panel to which the screen or layers of screen are attached. The screen panel fastening device can be designed for fast panel replacement.

See: hook-strip panel.

ROP. See: rate of penetration, penetration rate.

Rope discharge（绳状流出物）. The characteristic underflow of a hydrocyclone so overloaded with separable solids that not all the separated solids can crowd out through the underflow opening (apex), causing those solids that can exit to form a slow moving, heavy, ropelike stream. Also referred to as ‘‘rope’’ or ‘‘rope underflow.’’

Rotary drilling（旋转钻井）. The method of drilling wells in which a drill bit attached to a drill string is rotated on the formation to be drilled. A fluid is circulated through the drill pipe to remove cuttings from the bottom of the hole, bring cuttings to the surface, and perform other functions.

See: cable tool drilling.

Rotary mud separator (RMS，旋转泥浆分离器). A centrifuge consisting of a perforated（多孔的） cylinder rotating inside of an outer cylinder housing. As drilling fluid flows outside of the perforated cylinder, only the very small particles pass through the perforations.

Round trip（起下钻）. See: trip.

rpm. Revolutions（转数） per minute.

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