Excerpts from The World Floating Production Report 2007-2011

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Before excerpting some lines from The World Floating Production Report 2007-2011, I'd like to drop some words to explain my intention of doing this tedious job.  It's more about copying some lines from the Report for my memorization's sake than sharing it your guys. And the reason that I use English rather than Chinese is because I do not want my lame translation become a barrier for you guys to understand the report technically. I am a green hand in this field and do not know too much terms.
I will try to update and post the excerpts from it whenever I am free.  
Thank you for watching and good luck.

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1. SUMMARTY & CONCLUSIONS
1.1 Introduction
This Report focuses on the floating production sector of the offshore industry, surveying the various floating production systems (FPSs) and other technologies of relevance, and examing commercial, economic and geographical factors of influence.

To date, four main types in the world:
A. Floating Production Sotrage & Offloading vessels (FPSOs)
B. Floating Production Semi-Summersibles (FPSSs)
C. Tension Leg Platform (TLPs)
D. Spars

1.2 Summary

1.2.1 The Development of the FPS Sector
The first floating production system appeared in 1975 with installation of the Transworld 58, a converted semi-submersible drilling rig, on Hamilton Brothers' Argyll field in the UK sector of North Sea.

1.2.2 The Global FPS Fleet
In terms of vessel type, FPSOs - ship-shaped vessels, often tanker conversion - dominate the global floating production scene. As of year-end 2006, there had been 177 FPSO deployments worldwide - more than the other floating production systems (FPSSs, TLPs and spars) put together.
There are currently 116 FPSOs in operation. Africa and Asia -with 35 and 30 units respectively - have the largest fleets, followed closely by Western Europe with 21.
For FPSSs, there have been 77 ones globally. And they enjoy great popularity in Brazilian national operator - Petrobras.
As for TLPs and spars, they are widely used in the US Gulf of Mexico - the only major production region of the world where FPSOs have not yet been deployed.  Most of the 22 TLPs and all of the 14 spars, have been associated with deepwater developments in the US Gulf.

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1.2.3 Market Drivers & Supply Factors
On the demand side, four main drivers can be identified in the continued growth of the FPS sector:
1. Continuing expansion in the use of subsea production technologies;
2. The industry's move into deep water;j
3. Exploitatoin of marginal fields;
4. Growing emphasis on 'fast-track' and/or phased development.

On the supply side, the influence of globalisation is already apparent but is likely to be somewhat offset by national insistence on local content in the delivery of floating production systems and other components of offshore development generally.

A number of innovative FPS concepts have been proposed.

An active leasing market has emerged in te FPSO market segment in particular - roughly half of the world's FPSO fleet and over half of he North Sea fleetm is owned by leasing contractors.

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1.2.4 Future Prospects to 2011

FPS Type      2002-2006    2007-2011   2007-2011
                       Installed     Prospects        Forcast
FPSO                        58               94               92
FPSS                          6               15               13
Spar                           9                5                 5
TLP                             8               10               11

Total                        81               124             121

sx6566556

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1.2.5 Challenges Facing the FPS Market
In the early years of this decade the FPS faced numerous challenges manifested in a variety of forms including low oil prices, political and taxation changes and some high profile losses in the EPIC contractors.
The industry is now booming as a result of several factors including historically high oil prices, the continuing move to deepwaters, a drive to develop marginal fields, and the desire for by operators to 'fast-tract' developments.

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1.3 Conclusions
We forecsast that a total of 121 floating production systems will be installed worldwide over the 2007-2011 period. FPSOs will account for the largest proportion of these installations (92 vessels), along with 13 FPSOs, 11TLPs and 5 spars. With these levels of demand, global Capex (Captial expenditure) in the FPS sector is forecast at $38 billion.
The overall outlook for the FPS sector is one of strong market growth, with annual global expenditure rising from an estimated $6.4bln in 2007 to reach $9.8bln in 2011.

2. FLOATING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
2.1 Introduction
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Currently, the vast majority of offshore production systems requires the use of a production platform of some type to carry out preliminary separation and processing of the well stream prior to export. In many cases, water or gas re-injection facilities are required and must be housed on the platform. The figure above illustratesthe main production system that have been deployed for offshore developments worldwide. These can be broadly categorized under three headings:
1. Fixed platforms whose structures rests on the seabed;
2. Floating production system (FPSs) that are tethered to the ocean floor, and are of four main types:
   -FPSOs
   -FPSSs
   -TLPs
   -Spars
3. Subsea 'satellite' developments that are tied back to existing fixed or floating platforms.

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2.2 Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Vessels (FPSOs)
FPSOs are ship-shaped vessles which are deployed to produced hydrocarbonss from wells located on the seabed (subsea wells) or from wells located on offshore platforms. The main distinguishing factor relative to other forms of FPS is their ability to store produced fluids which are then offloads into shuttle tankers.
Many FPSOs are converted oil tankers although they are increasingly newbuilds, a consequence of the lack of availability of tanks.

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FPSO vessel Crystal Ocean at the Port of Melbourne

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The key components of an FPSO are:
a) The vessel itself, which may be a newbuild or a tanker conversion.
b) The mooring system which, on many modern FPSOs, is built upon a geostationary 'turret' mounted inside the hull and which leaves the vessel free to rotate to head into the prevailing weather.
c) The process plant, whose combination will depend largely on reservior characteristics and enviromental factors; water and/or gas injection and gas-lift facilities are commonly included.
It should also be noted that FPSOs which incorporate drilling facilities (FPDSOs) are also being considered - as decribed in Chapter 8 below. These design tend to be targed for deployment in remote and/or harsh enviroments. COSCO built an FPDSO in 2008.
The world's first FPSO was introduced in 1977, on Shell's Castellon field in WD117m in the Spanish Mediterranean. The  Brazilian operation Petrobras followed this lead by converting the Presidente Prudente de Moraes tanker and deploying it on the Garoupa field in 1978.

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2.2.1 Regional Distribution of FPSOs
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Operational FPSOs by Region to 2007

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2.2.3 FPSO Operators 2002-2011

Number of FPSOs

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Operators of FPSO Installations & Prospects 2002-2011

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2.2.4 Production Barges
Produciton barges are, as their name implies, barges which have been fitted out with production equipment. The first installation of this type occurred back in 1975 on the Poleng field off Indonesia. Unlike FPSOs, to which they are closely related, production barges tend not to have storage capacity. Because they ride much lower than FPSOs, barge-based production systems are only feasible in very benigh enviroment and as a result, their use has been restricted to fields off West Africa and the Asian region.

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The West Seno Production Barges deployed in the Makassar Strait

ee2002rp7

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2.3 Floating Production Semi-Submersibles (FPSSs)
The first semi-submersible production system - the Transworld 58 - was deployed in 1975 on the Hamilton Brother's Argyll field.

An important feature of semi-submersibles is that they are less stable than TLPs (which are described in the following section). Because of their large vertica land horizontal motions, they are not suitable for top-tensioned risers and dry (surface) completions.

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2.3.1 Regional Distribution of FPSSs
There have been a total of 76 FPSSs installations worldwide to date.

dadong07

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2.3.2 FPSS Operators
The Brazilian operator Petrobras is far and away the most important operato in the FPSS segment.