本帖最后由 jawin 于 2009-12-6 21:52 编辑
8# 三生石
Each of the Key Hazards for surface vessels of Structural Strength, Stability, Magazine Construction (for stowage of ordnance), Escape and Evacuation, and Fire Prevention and Control require appropriate safety certification, which is produced by established procedures to meet specific standards. The ship’s Post Holder is responsible for their production and ensures they are independently audited and signed at an appropriate senior level in the responsible organization. Thus, a clear audit trail can be demonstrated.
Two recent papers, each with one author from the U.K. MoD’s Sea Technology Group, which is headed up主管，领导 by the Chief Naval Architect设计师, have outlined概括 how the U.K.’s internal国内的，内部的 ship safety management organization组织团体 appreciated, with the process of passing evermore始终，永久 responsibility for the through在
之中 life material management of the Royal Navy’s ships to industry, that naval ship classification needed to be adopted. It was realized, not just with procurement but also the through life maintenance of naval ships being undertaken increasingly by industry and with the reducing size of the Royal Navy, albeit still the U.K.’s largest ship operator, that the ability of the MoD to have a wholly separate regime of technical standards was becoming unsustainable. This was coupled with the move to keep the cost of naval ships down through increasingly adopting commercial standards for more and more of the elements of ship design and thus a more commercially based approach to many standards for naval ships seemed a logical step. Gibbons and James list a process of introducing specific Naval Ship Rules commencing in 1993 with the ordering of HMS Ocean, an amphibious helicopter carrier, to largely commercial ship rules (i.e. Lloyd’s Register (LR) (Merchant) Class). This was followed in 1997 by the MoD contracting LR to develop Naval Ship Rules and the process could be said to have culminated in LR Naval Ship Rules being selected in 2000 for the Royal Navy’s latest major ship design (i.e. the Type 45 Destroyer) due in service in 2006.
Naval classification had to fit in with the process by which naval ships are certified as safe, which is based on the ‘Circle of Certification’ in the U.K. MoD Naval Authority Regulations
and reproduced at Figure . Naval classification is seen as required to reflect the particular needs of naval operations, where there has to be a balance of legitimate safety issues common to seafaring, the needs to continue to operate a naval vessel ‘in harm’s way’ and the exercise of legitimate government policy. Gibbons and James summarize the manner in which naval classification must function by providing the following.
Thus, the classification society will maintain these provisions through life in the same manner as for merchant ships by design appraisal, survey during construction and periodical in-service inspections to assure maintenance of compliance with rules appropriate to naval practice. Naval ship classification has also evolved to provide assurance of propulsion, steering and other essential ship systems such as lifting gear. However, unlike a merchant ship, a naval ship is not bound by international legislation, so its navy can choose to adopt as much or as little of the classification regime as it deems appropriate. So LR has provided for a range of operating conditions, features and systems not in (merchant) ship rules. For example:
Gibbons and James provide a comprehensive set of examples of the notation provided for in the LR Naval Ship Rules. This notation is extensive and is used to address areas not normally covered by merchant ship classification, such as MARPOL (Maritime Pollution) and SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea). In summary these consist of, first, ‘Mandatory Notation’ covering ship type (i.e. large warships, ocean going combatants, smaller specialist naval vessels) and service area to distinguish those vessels operating worldwide from those with particular restrictions. The second set of notation is optional and, together with typical classification hull strength and machinery notation, also includes ‘Military Distinction’, ‘Military Operations’ and ‘Others’ (the latter being a miscellaneous general ship performance-related category). Examples of the military distinction notation all relate to the need, in a naval ship’s structure, to resist to an appropriate level certain weapon effects, such as air blast, underwater explosions, fragmentation and small arms induced damage. In this respect the rules are restricted to aspects of survivability appropriate to the expertise of the classification society, such as structural performance post damage, while the other elements of warship survivability are, properly, expected to be covered by those military standards still maintained by the Navy/MoD. This was part of the process of moving to naval ship rules so that the limited resources, retained by the MoD ‘in-house’, could focus on the warship specific areas and continue to be used to maintain those standards by drawing on military practice, experience and sensitivities. Nevertheless LR has indicated its intention to extend consideration of survivability to cover such issues
as:
内容大致能看得懂，但是要翻译过来就感觉不知道前后了，很多船舶专业方面的词汇还是很不了解...向你学习~~
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发表于 2009-12-5 10:45
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